The branch of science which deals with the composition ,structure, properties and reactions of matter. There are different branches of chemistry like organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry biochemistry, physical chemistry, industrial chemistry, nuclear chemistry
Written by Sadia nadeem
What is lipids? Lipids are organic heterogeneous compounds found in living organisms and are long chains of triglycerides of fatty acids. These qualitative tests for lipids are used to analyze the properties of fats and oils. Here’s what they’re used for: Acid Value The test in which the number of mg of alkalis or NaOH\KOH […]
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What is Robinson Annulation? [ez-toc] Actually Robinson annulation is the formation of ring by following three step (1) First step is Michael addition (2) Second step is Aldol Condensation (3) Third step is Dehydration Annulation means “building of ring”. Historical Background: The British chemist Sir Robert Robinson, who won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry […]
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What is Michael’s Addition? [ez-toc] Michael addition reaction is also called the 1,4 addition reaction or Conjugated addition. When Michael donor ( ketone, aldehyde, cyano group, or other nucleophile ) reacts with Michael acceptor ( α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound ), it forms a C-C-β carbonyl compound or Michael adduct. α, and β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds usually […]
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Those carbonyl compound which donot contain α-H react in the presence of conc. base gives alcohol ( reduced product) and acidic salt (oxidized Product). Reaction of cannizzaro: Cannizzaro Reaction Mechanism: Step(01) formation of dianion: In this reaction , we use typical base OH which react on less hindered product because our preference is to make […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is acid strength? The measurement of the ability of an acid to donate its H+ ion is known as the acid strength of that acid. Those acids with strong acid strength completely dissociate in solution, whether the solution is concentrated or dilute. For example There are some examples of strong acids which are given […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the steric effect? Steric effect is the spatial interaction (non-bonding) due to spatial crowding of bulky groups in a molecule , which affects their stability, properties and reaction rate. Steric effect is one of the factor which affects the stability of a molecule. The stability of bulky groups decreases due to the repulsion […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the inductive effect? The induction of polarization of a sigma bond due to the electronegativity difference between the different atoms or groups is called the inductive effect. The inductive effect is more for adjacent bonds, this effect decreases rapidly with the increase of the distance. That’s why in most cases it causes very […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is tautomerism? [ez-toc] Tautomerism is a phenomenon in which a hydrogen atom’s movement and a double bond’s shifting take place. It refers to isomers that can easily interconvert. A chemical phenomenon in which a single chemical molecule exists in two or more interconvertible forms with different placements of a proton and double bond. These […]
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Carbonyl compounds having α-H atom undergo self-condensation reaction on warming with dilute acid or dilute base and give β-hydroxy carbonyl compound [Aldol]-which on heating lose water molecule and give α,β unsaturated carbonyl compound. This phenomenon is called the aldol condensation reaction. Reactant: Carbonyl compound having α-H Product: β hydroxy carbonyl [Aldol] α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound Catalyst: […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the resonance effect? The decrease in electron density at one position accompanied by a corresponding increase at another position by the movement of pi electrons is called the resonance effect. The resonance effect is also known as a mesomeric effect. The distribution of electron density depends on the resonance in a system. The […]
