The branch of science which deals with the composition ,structure, properties and reactions of matter. There are different branches of chemistry like organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry biochemistry, physical chemistry, industrial chemistry, nuclear chemistry
Moles in chemistry: moles in chemistry is defined as the amount of a substance that contains precisely 6.02214076 x 1023 ‘elementary entities’ of the supplied substance. The Avogadro constant, or 6.02214076 x 1023, is commonly abbreviated as ‘NA‘. Atoms, molecules, monoatomic/polyatomic ions, and other particles (such as electrons) are examples of elementary things that can…
What is lipids? Lipids are organic heterogeneous compounds found in living organisms and are long chains of triglycerides of fatty acids. These qualitative tests for lipids are used to analyze the properties of fats and oils. Here’s what they’re used for: Qualitative tests for lipids[/caption] Acid Value The test in which the number of mg…
What is Robinson Annulation? Actually Robinson annulation is the formation of ring by following three step (1) First step is Michael addition (2) Second step is Aldol Condensation (3) Third step is Dehydration Annulation means “building of ring”. Historical Background: The British chemist Sir Robert Robinson, who won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for…
What is Michael’s Addition? Michael Addition Reaction: Michael Addition Mechanism: Step(01) enolate formation:In this step ethoxide base attacks on the diester to form an enolate ion. It means the ethoxide base deprotonates α-carbon of a carbonyl compound to form a nucleophile or Michael donor which is a strong nucleophile. Step(02) nucleophile attack:In this step a…
Those carbonyl compound which donot contain α-H react in the presence of conc. base gives alcohol ( reduced product) and acidic salt (oxidized Product). Reaction of cannizzaro: Cannizzaro Reaction Mechanism: Step(01) formation of dianion: In this reaction , we use typical base OH which react on less hindered product because our preference is to make…
What is acid strength? The measurement of the ability of an acid to donate its H+ ion is known as the acid strength of that acid. Those acids with strong acid strength completely dissociate in solution, whether the solution is concentrated or dilute. For example There are some examples of strong acids which are given…
What is the steric effect? Applications of steric effect 1. Stability (a) Trans-but-2-ene and cis-but-2-ene In cis isomer, bulky methyl groups are close by and have steric repulsion, so they are less stable. But in trans, methyl groups being on opposite side are far away from each other so that there is no steric repulsion…
What is the inductive effect? Types of inductive groups: Groups with (-I) effect: Groups with (+I) effect: Order of Inductive Effect The order of inductive effect depends upon the electron density, withdrawal, or donation ability from a molecule. The groups which have high electronegativity can withdraw electrons, so they have a strong inductive effect. However,…
What is tautomerism? Examples: Enol-keto form: Lactam-Lactim form: Amide-Imidic acid form: Amine-Imine form: Conditions for tautomerism: Structural requirement of tautomerism in chemistry: Types of tautomerism: 1. Prototrophy: The process that arises due to the transfer of a proton within a molecule, i.e., amino acid, which is the building block of protein, is called prototrophy. 2….
Carbonyl compounds having α-H atom undergo self-condensation reaction on warming with dilute acid or dilute base and give β-hydroxy carbonyl compound [Aldol]-which on heating lose water molecule and give α,β unsaturated carbonyl compound. This phenomenon is called the aldol condensation reaction. Reactant: Carbonyl compound having α-H Product: β hydroxy carbonyl [Aldol] α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound Catalyst:…