Study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen
(C-H) and their derivatives
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the definition for Normality? The concentration of the solution expressed in a number of equivalent dissolved per liter of solution is known as the normality chemistry. Normality is represented by N. [ez-toc] Units of normality: Its units are eq/L or meg/L. The latter unit is mostly expressed in medical reporting. Formula of Normality […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the definition of molarity? 1. The definition of molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3 of the solution.OR2. Another definition of molarity is the substance per unit volume of solution.3. Molarity is also known as the• amount concentration• molar concentration• substance concentration•o It is represented as 1 M. [ez-toc] […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
The mole definition is the amount of a substance that includes the same number of elementary particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) as carbon atom. [ez-toc] moles in chemistry: moles in chemistry is defined as the amount of a substance that contains precisely 6.02214076 x 1023 ‘elementary entities’ of the supplied substance. The Avogadro constant, or […]
Written by chemistwizards.com
What is Robinson Annulation? [ez-toc] Actually Robinson annulation is the formation of ring by following three step (1) First step is Michael addition (2) Second step is Aldol Condensation (3) Third step is Dehydration Annulation means “building of ring”. Historical Background: The British chemist Sir Robert Robinson, who won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry […]
Written by chemistwizards.com
What is Michael’s Addition? [ez-toc] Michael addition reaction is also called the 1,4 addition reaction or Conjugated addition. When Michael donor ( ketone, aldehyde, cyano group, or other nucleophile ) reacts with Michael acceptor ( α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound ), it forms a C-C-β carbonyl compound or Michael adduct. α, and β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds usually […]
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Those carbonyl compound which donot contain α-H react in the presence of conc. base gives alcohol ( reduced product) and acidic salt (oxidized Product). Reaction of cannizzaro: Cannizzaro Reaction Mechanism: Step(01) formation of dianion: In this reaction , we use typical base OH which react on less hindered product because our preference is to make […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the steric effect? Steric effect is the spatial interaction (non-bonding) due to spatial crowding of bulky groups in a molecule , which affects their stability, properties and reaction rate. Steric effect is one of the factor which affects the stability of a molecule. The stability of bulky groups decreases due to the repulsion […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is the inductive effect? The induction of polarization of a sigma bond due to the electronegativity difference between the different atoms or groups is called the inductive effect. The inductive effect is more for adjacent bonds, this effect decreases rapidly with the increase of the distance. That’s why in most cases it causes very […]
Written by Kaneez Fatima
What is tautomerism? [ez-toc] Tautomerism is a phenomenon in which a hydrogen atom’s movement and a double bond’s shifting take place. It refers to isomers that can easily interconvert. A chemical phenomenon in which a single chemical molecule exists in two or more interconvertible forms with different placements of a proton and double bond. These […]
Written by chemistwizards.com
Carbonyl compounds having α-H atom undergo self-condensation reaction on warming with dilute acid or dilute base and give β-hydroxy carbonyl compound [Aldol]-which on heating lose water molecule and give α,β unsaturated carbonyl compound. This phenomenon is called the aldol condensation reaction. Reactant: Carbonyl compound having α-H Product: β hydroxy carbonyl [Aldol] α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound Catalyst: […]
