Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry with the study of all chemical reactions that occur in living organism
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The most important chemical reactions of monosaccharides are: Action of strong acids; Furfural formation Enolization or Tautomerization Oxidation or Sugar acid formation Reduction or Sugar alcohol formation Osazone formation or Action of phenylhydrazine [ez-toc] Furfural formation: Sugar loses water when heated with acid substances (H2SO4 or HCl) and generates furfural derivatives. It is also known […]
Written by Ifrah Akhtar
What are Proteins? [ez-toc] Proteins consist of linear sequences of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds. The arrangement of these amino acids carries the information needed to a protein molecule with a distinctive three-dimensional structure. The 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins are connected together by peptide bonds. On a chemical basis: […]
Written by Komal Rafiq
SCOPE OF CHEMISTRY Everything around us deals with chemistry. When we say a thing like a scope, we come to know that it’s a branch of science that is as old as mankind, and at the same time, it went through the evolution phases just like human beings. From the atmosphere to the sea, plants […]
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What are the vitamins? Vitamins are defined as the organic compounds or nutrients that are required in small quantities to perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of organism. Vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and therefore need to supplied through the diet. [ez-toc] Classification of Vitamins: The vitamins […]
Written by Ifrah Akhtar
Definition: Lipids are the organic compounds that can be obtained from cells and tissues by non-polar organic solvents. Lipids are not polymers. Lipids are insoluble in water but they are soluble in organic solvents like benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether and acetone. Although they dissolve in all organic solvents; but highly soluble in non-polar organic solvents. […]
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The compound has an identical molecular formula but It contains different structures is called isomerism. Here will discuss the isomerism of carbohydrates. [ez-toc] Types of Isomerism: Ketose -aldose isomerism D and L isomerism Optical isomerism Epimerism Anomerism Ketose-aldose isomerism: Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other having the same chemical formula “C6H12O6, but they […]
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Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates are composed of ten or more monosaccharides units held together by glycosidic bond is called polysaccharides. These are colloidal in size. It is known as “glycans” .These are classified in two groups Homo polysaccharides. Hetero polysaccharides. Homo polysaccharides: These polysaccharides is made up of several units of one and same type of monosaccharides […]
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Disaccharides: Among the oligosaccharides, disaccharides are the most common carbohydrates. It consists of two monosaccharide units. Two monosaccharides are held together by a glycosidic bond. Examples of disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, and lactose.[ez-toc] These are crystalline, water-soluble, and sweet. There are two types Reducing disaccharides Non reducing disaccharides Reducing Disaccharides: Reducing disaccharides with a free […]
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Monosaccharides Monosaccharides examples are trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and heptoses, octose and nonose. It contains an aldehyde functional group called aldoses sugar and it contains a ketone functional group in its structure that is called ketoses sugar. These are the carbohydrates and they have a general formula (CnH2O)n and cannot be further hydrolyzed. They are […]
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What are Carbohydrates? [ez-toc] It is defined as polyhydroxy (more than one hydroxy group) aldehydes or ketones compounds produced on hydrolysis, which are called carbohydrates. The name carbohydrates means ‘hydrates of carbon‘. They are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The empirical formula of carbohydrates is […]
