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The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together and stabilises them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Valence electrons play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. In the electron configuration of an atom, the outermost shell is called the valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell (outermost…
What are Carbohydrates? It is defined as polyhydroxy (more than one hydroxy group) aldehydes or ketones compounds produced on hydrolysis, which are called carbohydrates. The name carbohydrates means ‘hydrates of carbon‘. They are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The empirical formula of carbohydrates is [CH2O]n However,…
Cream of Wheat is a nutrient-packed breakfast food, full of vitamins and minerals that are crucial to maintaining overall health and wellness, such as niacin, vitamin B6, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, copper, calcium, and selenium. Cream of Wheat: Cream of Wheat is a breakfast cereal porridge that is prepared from ground wheat kernels, resulting in a finer texture than that of grits, which are ground corn. This nutritious cereal was initially manufactured in 1893 at the Grand Forks, North Dakota, grist mills and debuted during the 1893 World’s…
Industrial Biochemistry The process of applying techniques and biochemical principles to develop innovative products that benefit humankind is called industrial biochemistry. It deals in biology, technology, engineering, and chemistry fields. Keys & Areas in Industrial Biochemistry: Biocatalyst: Enzymes or microorganisms are used to catalyze a reaction called biocatalysts. Formentation technologies: Large-scale production of bioactive compounds…
Qualitative test for Carbohydrates The qualitative tests for carbohydrates such as (Molish, Benedict, Fehling, Osazone, and Barfoed tests) are used to detect the presence of reducing and non-reducing, mono and disaccharides in a sample. Here are common qualitative tests for carbohydrates: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 1. Molish Test The molish test is a simple, rapid, and chemical-sensitive…
Sample collection The process of acquiring tissues, fluids, any other sample, or material for laboratory analysis is called the sample collection process. For example, if we want to analyze the protein source, it will be eggs because eggs contain a high amount of protein, which will be our sample of analysis. This involves many things that…
What is lipids? Lipids are organic heterogeneous compounds found in living organisms and are long chains of triglycerides of fatty acids. These qualitative tests for lipids are used to analyze the properties of fats and oils. Here’s what they’re used for: Qualitative tests for lipids[/caption] Acid Value The test in which the number of mg…
The reaction in which aldehyde or ketone react with phosphorus ylide to give alkenes and triphenyl phosphine oxide. Actually ylide is a neutral molecule having a negative carbon adjacent to a positive heteroatoms. This phosphorus ylide is also called phosporanes. Thus phosphorus ylide is easily prepared from triphenyl phosphine and primary or secondary alkyl halides….
Those carbonyl compound which donot contain α-H react in the presence of conc. base gives alcohol ( reduced product) and acidic salt (oxidized Product). Reaction of cannizzaro: Cannizzaro Reaction Mechanism: Step(01) formation of dianion: In this reaction , we use typical base OH which react on less hindered product because our preference is to make…
Base catalyzed rearrangement in which α-halo ketone or cyclopropane having at least one α-H reacts with base give carboxylic acid or their derivatives. In favorskii rearrangement, the base decides our product e.g. if alkoxide is used as a base then an ester will be formed. If hydroxide is used as a base then carboxylic acid…