What is the inductive effect? Types of inductive groups: Groups with (-I) effect: Groups with (+I) effect: Order of Inductive Effect The order of inductive effect depends upon the electron density, withdrawal, or donation ability from a molecule. The groups which have high electronegativity can withdraw electrons, so they have a strong inductive effect. However,…
What is tautomerism? Examples: Enol-keto form: Lactam-Lactim form: Amide-Imidic acid form: Amine-Imine form: Conditions for tautomerism: Structural requirement of tautomerism in chemistry: Types of tautomerism: 1. Prototrophy: The process that arises due to the transfer of a proton within a molecule, i.e., amino acid, which is the building block of protein, is called prototrophy. 2….
Carbonyl compounds having α-H atom undergo self-condensation reaction on warming with dilute acid or dilute base and give β-hydroxy carbonyl compound [Aldol]-which on heating lose water molecule and give α,β unsaturated carbonyl compound. This phenomenon is called the aldol condensation reaction. Reactant: Carbonyl compound having α-H Product: β hydroxy carbonyl [Aldol] α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound Catalyst:…
Base catalyzed rearrangement in which α-halo ketone or cyclopropane having at least one α-H reacts with base give carboxylic acid or their derivatives. In favorskii rearrangement, the base decides our product e.g. if alkoxide is used as a base then an ester will be formed. If hydroxide is used as a base then carboxylic acid…
What is the resonance effect? Thus, it can be said that the -NH2 group in aniline gives electrons to the ring by the resonance effect. Types of resonance effect: There are two types of resonance effects which are given below: Positive resonance effect: Negative resonance effect: Recommended video:
What is cholesterol? Structure of cholesterol: Sources of cholesterol: The main sources of cholesterol are the fish -liver oils, and the brain and spinal cord of cattle. Identification tests: Cholesterol and many other sterols gives many color reactions which are given below: When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to a solution of cholesterol in chloroform,…
What is conjugation in chemistry? Examples of conjugation: Four examples of conjugation are given below: 1. Conjugation with empty p-orbital of carbocation: 2.Conjugation with lone pair on nitrogen: 3.Conjugation with another pi bond: 4.Conjugation with a radical: Recommended video:
An Acid catalyzed rearrangement in which 1,2-diol or pinacole is converted to carbonyl compound is called pinacole- pinacolone rearrangement. Pinacole : 2,3- dimethyl butane-2,3-diol Pinacolone :3,3-dimethyl-2- butanone Reaction of Pinacole-pinacolone rearrangement: Mechanism of pinacole-pinacolone rearrangement: Mechanism of pinacole-pinacolone rearrangement takes place in four steps Step(01): In this step hydroxyl group of pinacole is protonated by…
Base-catalyzed reaction in which 1,2-diketone reacts with a hydroxyl ion to give a hydroxyl carboxylate ion, which on acidification yields a hydroxycarboxylic acid. This rearrangement is called benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement. This shows intramolecular disproportionation because the carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced. Ketone having no adjacent enolizable proton gives this rearrangement; otherwise,…