ABO Blood group

ABO blood group system is primarily a blood type classification system. ABO blood group test is a simple test used to determine the blood group of an individual. It is also called ABO typing.

There are 04 major blood groups given below:

1. Blood Group A
2. Blood Group B
3. Blood Group AB
4. Blood Group O

Antigens:

An antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body. e.g. bacteria,  viruses, fungi, etc.

Antibody:

An antibody is a protein your immune system produces to attack and fight off these antigens.

• The presence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cell and antibodies in the blood plasma can determine the blood groups or blood group type.
• Blood A has “A” antigens, blood type B has “B” antigens, blood type AB has both “A” and “B” antigens, and blood type O has neither “A” nor “B”.

Rh system:

The Rh system determines the presence or absence of the Rh factor ( also called the Rhesus factor) on the surface of red blood cells. It was discovered in 1930 by Landsteiner.

•  If the Rh factor is present, the blood type is positive (+), if it is absent, the blood type is negative (-).

Agglutinogen:

An antigen located on the surface plasma membrane of red blood cells erythrocytes determines the blood group of the individual. Agglutinogens are genetically determined.

Agglutinin:

A specific antibody in blood plasma is capable of causing the clumping of red blood cells. They are sometimes called isoantibodies to distinguish them from immune antibodies which appear after an immune response. It appears soon after birth and is present throughout life.

• We can separate DNA from the blood by centrifugation technique and other pars also.

Blood Group Testing:

Aim:

The main purpose of conducting this experiment is to understand the basic concept of the ABO blood group system and to know our blood group and type.

Principle:

• The ABO and Rh blood grouping system is based on an agglutination reaction.
• It is the reaction between red blood cells antigens and antibodies in serum.

Material Required:

• Toothpicks
• blood sample
• anti-sera A and B
• Alcohol swabs
• clean glass slide
• Sterile cotton balls
• Biohazard disposal container
• Monoclonal Antibodies A, B, and D
• Blood Lancet

Procedure:

• Take a clean glass slide and draw three circles on it.
• Unpack the monoclonal antibodies kit. In the first circle and “A ” in 2nd add “B” and in the third one “D” with the help of a dropper.
• Keep the slide aside safely without disturbing it.
• Now wipe the ring finger with an alcohol swab and rub gently near the fingertip, where the blood sample will be collected.
• Prick the ring fingertip with a lancet and wipe off the first drop of the blood.
• As blood starts oozing out, allow it to fall on the three circles of the glass slide by gently pressing the fingertip.
• Apply pressure on the site where it was pricked to stop blood flow.
• Use a cotton ball if required.
• Mix the blood sample gently with the help of a toothpick and wait for a minute to observe the result.

Conclusion:

Here is the chart that predicts the different types of blood groups along with the Rh factor:

Blood Type:   A    B    O    AB
Rh-positive:    A+    B+    O+    AB+
Rh-negative:    A-    B-    O-    AB-

Result:

Coagulation in D circle blood that shows O+blood group type.

Precautions:

Discard the alcohol swabs, lancet, cotton balls, and toothpick after use. After observing the result, drop all the materials, including the glass slide into the biohazard disposal container.

How to read results:

Table of blood group donor and recipient :

• O- The blood group is the universal donor and the AB+ is the universal recipient.
•  It possesses an A-surface antigen present on the RBC membrane, and the antibodies in the blood plasma are anti-B type.